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Glossary of Terminology
The following is a categorized list of Japanese terminology used, but is by no means a complete list, nor definitive in translation. Contrary to what many perceive, the Japanese language is one of the easiest languages to learn to speak correctly. For those who train the first true Japanese style of Karatedo, learning the basics of Japanese, should be as actively practiced -on and off the dojo floor- as the basic techniques of Karate itself. By learning basic pronunciation, we not only add to our knowledge of the culture and country that gave birth to the art we practice, but in doing so, we show our respect for its origins and those willing to share its secrets with those of us outside its borders.
Japanese-English translations are complex; precise, literal translations may not be available, and/or several interpretations for a single phrase may exist. Pronunciation, too, is subtle in nuances, and perfect pronunciation is neither expected nor required for practice. Over time, with continued practice, the karateka will become familiar with the usage and meaning of the terms.
Japanese is essentially syllabic; which means that words are broken into individual syllables, much the same as those languages' westerners are perhaps more familiar with. However, the inherent problem westerners have with Japanese words is not in their syllables -- it's with their vowels; and once you get past those differences, you'll be on your way to correct pronunciation! So, as you explore and familiarize yourself with Karatedo terminology, use the following vowel guide to aid you in your pronunciation.
VOWEL PRONUNCIATION
A – ‘ah’ sound as in father
I – ‘ee’ sound as in see
U – ‘ou’ sound as in flute
E – ‘eh’ sound as in bed
O – ‘oh’ sound as in no
COMMONLY USED VOWEL-CONSONANT COMBINATIONS
AI -Pronounced: eye
EI -Pronounced: ayee
TSU -Pronounced: dzoo
ITE -Pronounced: eetay
CHI -Pronounced: chee
ADDITIONAL PRONUNCIATION REMINDERS
The letter 'g' is always pronounced hard -- as in the word go.
The letter 'j' is always pronounced soft -- as in the word jump.
When used as the last letter, and when following the letter 's', the letter 'u' is not emphasized. For example; the word jutsu is pronounced, 'joots', leaving off the sound of the vowel 'u' at the end.
Japanese term
aiuchi
atemi
bushi
bunkai
bushido
chudan
dachi
dan
do
dojo
empi
gaiwan
gasshuku
gedan
geri
gi or dogi
go no sen
gyaku
hara
hari kiri
hai
hajime
hidari
hiji
hikite
hitsui
honbu
ie
ippon
jodan
kamae
karate
karateka
kata
keri
ki
kiai
kihon
kime
kiotsuke
kohai
kumite
kyu
maai
mae
makiwara
matte
mawatte
migi
mokuso
morote
mudansha
mushin
nage
naiwan
naorei
nukite
obi
pinan
rei
ryu
seiken
seikenzuki
seiza
sen
sen no sen
sen sen no sen
senpai
sensei
shomen
shihan
tachi
tae uke
taisabaki
tamashiwari
tanden
tate
te
te o kaete
tobi
torre
tsuki
uke
ura
ushiro
waza
wazari
yakusoku kumite
yame
yoi
yudansha
zanshin
zarei
zuki
Yōgo (Terminology)
English
Exchange/clash of blows; mutual striking or simultaneous point.
Art of striking vital points.
Martial man, warrior.
Application of Kata.
The Way of the warrior.
Middle or middle level.
From tachi meaning stance.
One who has attained the Black belt ranking. Also known as yudansha.
Way. Indicates a path to be followed in life as in Karatedo.
Place for studying the Way.
Elbow. Also known as hiji.
Outside of the forearm. Used for blocking as in Sotouke.
Training camp.
Low or lower level. Generally means below the waist.
From keri meaning kick as in maegeri.
Karate uniform.
Late initiative, post-attack
Reverse.
Central point of body.
Ritual suicide.
Yes.
Begin.
Left.
Elbow. Also known as empi.
Pulling hand. Action taken by the non-striking hand to add power to a technique.
Knee. Also known as hiza.
Main Dojo.
No.
One or one step.
Upper or upper level. Generally indicates the area above the shoulders.
From gamae meaning posture.
Empty hand.
One who practices karate.
Prearranged sequence of techniques.
Kick.
Ki is the same as the Chinese word chi which some believe is a force that flows through the body along pathways called meridians in the same manner as the blood flows through the arteries. Some believe it is your spirit or mental intention
Shout - Literally “spirit harmony.” This is the brief moment that the body, mind and spirit are in perfect harmony by tensing the abdominal muscles forcing air over the vocal cords resulting in the “karate shout.”
Basic or standard.
Focus.
Attention. Command to stand in the attention stance, musubi dachi.
Junior. One who is less senior to another. Opposite of sempai.
Fighting as in ippon kumite (1-step fighting) or jiyu kumite (free fighting).
Indicates a student who is not ranked as a black belt (dan).
Combative engagement distance. Distance between opponents.
Front.
Striking or punching board
Stop.
Turn around.
Right.
Meditation. Command to meditate.
Double, or both hands together.
Kyu ranks.
No mind. State of mind where there is no conscious thought.
Throw.
Inside of the forearm. Used for blocking as in Uchiuke.
Return to musubi dachi and rei.
Fingertip thrust strike.
Belt.
“Peace and tranquillity.” Name of the group of 5 Pinan katas.
Bow.
Style or school of karate.
Fist.
Fist punch.
Kneeling posture. Command to kneel.
Initiative.
Early initiative, before the attack.
Pre-emptive defensive attack.
Senior. One who is senior to another. Opposite of kohai.
Literally “one who has gone before.” Teacher. Also used as a title for one who has attained Sandan (3rd dan black belt).
Front, face forward; front of dojo, typically facing east.
Master instructor.
Stance.
Position of the arms where one arm is across the chest, palm down and parallel to the ground and the other arm is pulled back beside the chest palm up.
Body movement or shifting the body to a more advantageous position.
Act of breaking wood
Strength center; energy center; center of ki.
Vertical as in tate zuki (vertical fist punch).
Hand.
Change hands.
Jump or leap.
Attacker.
Thrust or punch.
Receiver, defender or block.
Back or reverse.
Backwards.
Technique. For example, keriwaza are kicking techniques.
Half point (in sparring).
Prearranged (promise) sparring.
Stop. Command to return to ready position.
Prepare.
Black belts.
State of mind where one is fully aware and alert.
Kneeling bow.
From tsuki meaning punch or thrust.
Japanese term
heisoku dachi
musubi dachi
heiko dachi
hachiji dachi (fudo dachi)
kiba dachi
shiko dachi
nanamae shiko dachi
zenkutsu dachi
renoji dachi
kokutsu dachi
neko ashi dachi
moto dachi
kumite dachi
kosa dachi
tsuri ashi dachi
ioigoashi dachi
sochin dachi (aka fudo dachi)
sanchin dachi
Tachikata (Stances)
English
Closed feet stance; heels and toes together. Feet point straight ahead and are together touching
Attention stance. Heels together, feet out 45°; formal bow stance
Parallel stance; Feet are shoulder width apart. Feet are pointed straight ahead
Feet shoulder width, feet out 45°
Horse/straddle stance
Sumo stance, feet are roughly two shoulder widths apart and pointed out 45°
Diagonal sumo stance
Walking - front/forward stance. The rear foot faces out 45°. Weight is even or slightly more on the front foot.
L stance
Back leaning stance. Feet are two shoulder widths apart with both heels in line, front foot straight, rear foot 45° off
Cat stance, Front foot faces forwards. Rear foot faces out at 45°, front heel raised, 2/3 of the weight on rear foot.
One foot forward stance
Fighting stance
Cross leg/"x" stance, Front foot is pointed out 90 degrees. Rear foot is pointed straight ahead.
Crane stance, stand on one leg with the toes of the other foot lightly touching the back of the opposite knee.
Kneeling stance
Rooted/immoveable stance
Hourglass stance
Uke Waza (Receiving/Blocking Techniques)
Japanese term English
aishu-uke Back hand block. Block made with the back of the hand moving from inside to outside.
gedan barai Lower sweeping block
haishu uke Open hand, backhand deflection
hiji-uke Elbow block, block made with the back or side of the elbow joint area.
jodan-uke Upper block or high block made with the forearm.
juji-uke Cross block or “X” block made with both forearms. Can be made upwards or downwards.
koken-uke Block made with the back of the bent wrist. Can be made sideways or upwards.
mawashi-uke Round block made with both open hands moving in a circle in the same direction.
morote uke Augmented block, double block.
nagashi uke Cross-body, palm flowing/sweeping deflection.
osae-uke Press block made by softly pressing down with the palm or back of the open hand.
otoshi-uke Dropping block made by throwing the arm down on top of the opponent’s attack.
Usually accompanied by a dropping of the body weight to add power to the technique.
shuto uke Knife hand block.
soto uke Outside to inside block.
sukui uke Scooping block.
uchi uke Inside to outside block made with the inside of the forearm. Can be made jodan or chudan.
Japanese term
age zuki
age empi uchi
chudan zuki
empi uchi
gyaku zuki
haishu
haito uchi
hiraken
ippon ken zuki
kagi zuki
kizami zuki
kote uchi
ko-uchi
mawashizuki
nagashizuki
nukite uchi
otoshi empi uchi
otoshi tettsui uchi
oyayubiken
shuto uchi
teisho uchi
tettsui uchi
uraken uchi
ushiro empi uchi
yama zuki
yoko tettsui uchi
yoko uraken uchi
Tsukiwaza (Punching Techniques) & Uchiwaza (Striking Techniques)
English
Rising punch
Rising elbow strike
Middle level punch
Elbow strike
Reverse punch
Back hand
Ridge hand strike
Flat fist punch
Middle finger knuckle punch
Hook punch
Jab or leading punch
Forearm strike
Bent wrist strike
Roundhouse punch
Body evasive punch
Spear hand strike
Dropping elbow strike
Dropping hammer fist strike
Thumb knuckle strike
Knife hand strike (Karate Chop)
Palm heel strike
Hammer-fist strike
Back-fist strike
Backward elbow strike
U (Mountain) punch
Side hammer fist strike
Side backfist strike
Japanese term
Parts of the foot
haisoku
hiza
josokutei
kakato
sokuto
tsumasaki
keri (Geri)
ashi barai
fumikomi geri
hiza geri
kansetsu geri
kakato geri
kin geri
mae geri (Keage)
mae geri (Kekomi)
mae tobi geri
mawashi geri
tsumasaki mae geri
ura mawashi geri
ushiro geri
ushiro ura mawashi geri
yoko geri (Keage)
yoko geri (Kekomi)
yoko tobi geri
Keri Waza (Kicking Techniques)
English
Instep
Knee
Ball of the foot
Heel of the foot
Foot edge
Tip of the toes
Kick
Foot sweep
Heel stamping kick
Knee kick
Knee joint kick
Heel of foot kick
Groin kick (Haisoku, instep)
Front snap kick
Front thrust kick
Jumping front kick
Round house kick
Front kick with tips of toes
Hook kick
Back thrust kick
Spinning hook lick
Side snap kick
Side thrust kick
Jumping side kick
Japanese term
Sugi
ichi
ni
san
shi (yon)
go
roku
shichi (nana)
hachi
ku (kyu)
ju (ju)
ju ichi
ju ni
ju san
ju yon
ju go
ju roku
ju nana
ju hachi
ju kyu
ni ju
san ju
yon ju
go ju
roku ju
nana ju
hachi ju
kyu ju
hyaku
ni hyaku
san byaku
yon hyaku
go hyaku
ro pyaku
nana hyaku
ha pyaku
ku hyaku
sen
man (ban)
Hoko
age
chudan
gedan
gyaku
hidari
jodan
mae
mawashi
migi
otoshi
sagatte
shomen
soto
tate
uchi
ura
ushiro
waki
yoko
zenkutsu
Kaiwa
arigato
arigato gozaimashita
banzai
choto matte
do itashimashite
domo
dozo
eigo ga wakarimasu ka?
genki desu ka?
gomen nasai
hai
iie
ikaga desu ka
kanpai
konbanwa
konnichiwa
kudasai
mata ashita
moshi moshi
nanji desu ka?
ohayo
ohayo gozaimasu
otsukaresama
osu
sayonora
wakarimasen
wakarimaska
wakarimasu
Japanese term
Gorei
ashi kotai
hajime
kamaete
kiotsuke
kotai
mawatte
mokuso
naotte
onaji
otagai ni rei
saigo
sawatte
seiretsu
senpai ni rei
sensei ni rei
shinkokyu
shizuka ni
shomen ni rei
sono ba
sonomama
sonomama kotai
sukoshi yasume
tatte
yame
yoi
Kaibogaku
ago
ashi
atama
chusoku
ensho
heisoku
hiji
hiza
kakato
kao
ken
koshi
me
mimi
mune
seiken
sokutei
sokuto
sune
te
tekubi
ude
waki
yubi
Zattana (Miscellaneous Terminology)
English
Numbers
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one hundred
two hundred
three hundred
four hundred
five hundred
six hundred
seven hundred
eight hundred
nine hundred
one thousand
ten thousand
Directions
rising
middle level
lower level
reverse, opposite
left hand side
upper level
front, forward
round, go around
right hand side
downward
step backward
front
outside
upward
inside
reverse side, back,
back, behind, rear
side; flank of body
lateral, to the side
to bend forward
Conversation
"thanks" (informal)
"thank you very much" (formal)
"congratulations!", hurrah, long life
"just one moment"
"you're welcome"
"thanks" (informal)
"please"; please take (when offering)
"do you understand English?"
"how are you?" (informal)
"pardon me", "excuse me", "sorry"
"yes"
"no"
"how are you?" (formal)
"toast!", "cheers!"
"good evening" (formal)
"good day" (formal)
"please"
"see you tomorrow"
"hello" (greeting on telephone)
"what time is it?"
"good morning" (informal)
"good morning" (formal)
"many thanks", "much appreciated";
"I acknowledge", "I understand",
"good-bye"
"I don't understand"
"do you understand?"
"I understand"; to grasp, to know,
English
Commands
switch sides; feet alternation
start, begin
get ready (guarding posture)
stand to attention
switch; alternate, change, shift
turn; turn around 180 degrees
close eyes (mediation practice)
be at ease; relax, recover
the same; again
bow to each other/together
last one; last set in series
sit down
line up
bow to assistant instructor(s)
bow to the instructor(s)
deep breaths
be quiet
bow toward the front of dojo
on the spot; without moving
the same as before
same as before, other side
little rest; small break
stand up
stop; to halt
ready; prepare
Anatomy
jaw
leg/foot
head, top of head
ball of foot
back of heel
top of foot, instep
elbow
knee or lap
heel or arch of foot
face or expression
fist
hip
eyes
ear
chest, heart, feelings
front of fist; regular fist
sole of foot
edge of foot
leg, shin
hands
wrist
arm
armpit
fingers
