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Glossary of Terminology

The following is a categorized list of Japanese terminology used, but is by no means a complete list, nor definitive in translation. Contrary to what many perceive, the Japanese language is one of the easiest languages to learn to speak correctly. For those who train the first true Japanese style of Karatedo, learning the basics of Japanese, should be as actively practiced -on and off the dojo floor- as the basic techniques of Karate itself. By learning basic pronunciation, we not only add to our knowledge of the culture and country that gave birth to the art we practice, but in doing so, we show our respect for its origins and those willing to share its secrets with those of us outside its borders.

Japanese-English translations are complex; precise, literal translations may not be available, and/or several interpretations for a single phrase may exist. Pronunciation, too, is subtle in nuances, and perfect pronunciation is neither expected nor required for practice. Over time, with continued practice, the karateka will become familiar with the usage and meaning of the terms.

Japanese is essentially syllabic; which means that words are broken into individual syllables, much the same as those languages' westerners are perhaps more familiar with. However, the inherent problem westerners have with Japanese words is not in their syllables -- it's with their vowels; and once you get past those differences, you'll be on your way to correct pronunciation! So, as you explore and familiarize yourself with Karatedo terminology, use the following vowel guide to aid you in your pronunciation.

VOWEL PRONUNCIATION

 

A – ‘ah’ sound as in father

I – ‘ee’ sound as in see
U – ‘ou’ sound as in flute
E – ‘eh’ sound as in bed
O – ‘oh’ sound as in no

COMMONLY USED VOWEL-CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

 

AI -Pronounced: eye

EI -Pronounced: ayee

TSU -Pronounced: dzoo

ITE -Pronounced: eetay

CHI -Pronounced: chee

  

ADDITIONAL PRONUNCIATION REMINDERS

 

The letter 'g' is always pronounced hard -- as in the word go.

 

The letter 'j' is always pronounced soft -- as in the word jump.

 

When used as the last letter, and when following the letter 's', the letter 'u' is not emphasized. For example; the word jutsu is pronounced, 'joots', leaving off the sound of the vowel 'u' at the end.

 

 

Japanese term

 

aiuchi

atemi

bushi

bunkai

bushido          
chudan           
dachi              
dan                 
do                   
dojo                

empi              
gaiwan  

gasshuku       
gedan            
geri  

gi or dogi

go no sen

gyaku

hara

hari kiri

hai        

hajime          
hidari           
hiji               
hikite           
hitsui

honbu

ie     
ippon          
jodan          
kamae

karate

karateka    
kata            
keri            
ki

              

 

kiai  

         

kihon  

kime      
kiotsuke    
kohai         
kumite      
kyu           
maai         
mae

makiwara         
matte       
mawatte  
migi        
mokuso  

morote 
mudansha
mushin

nage    
naiwan     
naorei      
nukite      
obi           
pinan      
rei           
ryu         
seiken    
seikenzuki  
seiza  

sen

sen no sen   

sen sen no sen     
senpai        
sensei

 

shomen

shihan       
tachi          
tae uke

     

taisabaki  

tamashiwari

tanden 
tate

te    

te o kaete     
tobi          
torre        
tsuki        
uke         
ura         
ushiro    
waza

wazari

yakusoku kumite      
yame     
yoi        
yudansha 
zanshin   
zarei       
zuki        

                   Yōgo (Terminology)

 

                    English

 

Exchange/clash of blows; mutual striking or simultaneous point.

Art of striking vital points.

Martial man, warrior.

Application of Kata.

The Way of the warrior.

Middle or middle level.
From tachi meaning stance.

One who has attained the Black belt ranking. Also known as yudansha.
Way. Indicates a path to be followed in life as in Karatedo.

Place for studying the Way.

Elbow. Also known as hiji.
Outside of the forearm. Used for blocking as in Sotouke.

Training camp.
Low or lower level. Generally means below the waist.
From keri meaning kick as in maegeri.

Karate uniform.

Late initiative, post-attack

Reverse.

Central point of body.

Ritual suicide.

Yes.
Begin.
Left.
Elbow. Also known as empi.
Pulling hand. Action taken by the non-striking hand to add power to a technique.
Knee. Also known as hiza.

Main Dojo.

No.
One or one step.
Upper or upper level. Generally indicates the area above the shoulders.
From gamae meaning posture.

Empty hand.

One who practices karate.
Prearranged sequence of techniques.
Kick.
Ki is the same as the Chinese word chi which some believe is a force that flows through the body along pathways called meridians in the same manner as the blood flows through the arteries. Some believe it is your spirit or mental intention

Shout - Literally “spirit harmony.” This is the brief moment that the body, mind and spirit are in perfect harmony by tensing the abdominal muscles forcing air over the vocal cords resulting in the “karate shout.”

Basic or standard.

Focus.
Attention. Command to stand in the attention stance, musubi dachi.
Junior. One who is less senior to another. Opposite of sempai.
Fighting as in ippon kumite (1-step fighting) or jiyu kumite (free fighting).
Indicates a student who is not ranked as a black belt (dan).
Combative engagement distance. Distance between opponents. 
Front.

Striking or punching board
Stop.
Turn around.
Right.
Meditation. Command to meditate.

Double, or both hands together.
Kyu ranks.
No mind. State of mind where there is no conscious thought.

Throw.
Inside of the forearm. Used for blocking as in Uchiuke.
Return to musubi dachi and rei.
Fingertip thrust strike. 
Belt.
“Peace and tranquillity.” Name of the group of 5 Pinan katas.
Bow.
Style or school of karate.
Fist.
Fist punch.
Kneeling posture. Command to kneel.

Initiative.

Early initiative, before the attack.

Pre-emptive defensive attack.
Senior. One who is senior to another. Opposite of kohai.
Literally “one who has gone before.” Teacher. Also used as a title for one who has attained Sandan (3rd dan black belt).
Front, face forward; front of dojo, typically facing east.

Master instructor.

Stance.
Position of the arms where one arm is across the chest, palm down and parallel to the ground  and the other arm is pulled back beside the chest palm up.

Body movement or shifting the body to a more advantageous position.

Act of breaking wood

Strength center; energy center; center of ki.
Vertical as in tate zuki (vertical fist punch).

Hand.

Change hands.
Jump or leap.
Attacker.
Thrust or punch.
Receiver, defender or block.
Back or reverse.
Backwards.
Technique. For example, keriwaza are kicking techniques.

Half point (in sparring).

Prearranged (promise) sparring.
Stop. Command to return to ready position.
Prepare.
Black belts.
State of mind where one is fully aware and alert.
Kneeling bow.
From tsuki meaning punch or thrust.

Guide
General Terms

 

Japanese term

heisoku dachi

musubi dachi    

heiko dachi     

hachiji dachi  (fudo dachi) 

kiba dachi

shiko dachi

nanamae shiko dachi

zenkutsu dachi

renoji dachi

kokutsu dachi

 

neko ashi dachi

 

moto dachi

kumite dachi 

kosa dachi

tsuri ashi dachi

 

ioigoashi dachi

sochin dachi (aka fudo dachi)

sanchin dachi

 

Tachikata (Stances)

 

English

Closed feet stance; heels and toes together. Feet point straight ahead and are together touching

Attention stance. Heels together, feet out 45°; formal bow stance

Parallel stance; Feet are shoulder width apart. Feet are pointed straight ahead

Feet shoulder width, feet out 45°

Horse/straddle stance

Sumo stance, feet are roughly two shoulder widths apart and pointed out 45°

Diagonal sumo stance

Walking - front/forward stance. The rear foot faces out 45°. Weight is even or slightly more on the front foot.

L stance

Back leaning stance. Feet are two shoulder widths apart with both heels in line, front foot straight, rear foot 45° off  

Cat stance, Front foot faces forwards. Rear foot faces out at 45°, front heel raised, 2/3 of the weight on rear foot.

One foot forward stance

Fighting stance

Cross leg/"x" stance, Front foot is pointed out 90 degrees. Rear foot is pointed straight ahead.

Crane stance, stand on one leg with the toes of the other foot lightly touching the back of the opposite knee.

Kneeling stance

Rooted/immoveable stance

Hourglass stance

 

Stances
Blocking

                                                                       Uke Waza (Receiving/Blocking Techniques)

 

Japanese term                         English

aishu-uke                                   Back hand block. Block made with the back of the hand moving from inside to outside.

gedan barai                               Lower sweeping block

haishu uke                             Open hand, backhand deflection

hiji-uke                                        Elbow block, block made with the back or side of the elbow joint area.

jodan-uke                                  Upper block or high block made with the forearm. 

juji-uke                                        Cross block or “X” block made with both forearms. Can be made upwards or downwards.

koken-uke                                  Block made with the back of the bent wrist. Can be made sideways or upwards.

mawashi-uke                              Round block made with both open hands moving in a circle in the same direction.

morote uke                            Augmented block, double block.

nagashi uke                           Cross-body, palm flowing/sweeping deflection.

osae-uke                                    Press block made by softly pressing down with the palm or back of the open hand.

otoshi-uke                                 Dropping block made by throwing the arm down on top of the opponent’s attack.

  Usually  accompanied by a dropping of the body weight to add power to the technique.

shuto uke                               Knife hand block.

soto uke                                 Outside to inside block.

sukui uke                                Scooping block.

uchi uke                                  Inside to outside block made with the inside of the forearm. Can be made jodan or chudan.




 

Strikes

 

 

Japanese term

age zuki

age empi uchi

chudan zuki

empi uchi

gyaku zuki

haishu

haito uchi

hiraken

ippon ken zuki

kagi zuki

kizami zuki

kote uchi

ko-uchi

mawashizuki

nagashizuki

nukite uchi

otoshi empi uchi

otoshi tettsui uchi

oyayubiken

shuto uchi

teisho uchi

tettsui uchi

uraken uchi

ushiro empi uchi

yama zuki

yoko tettsui uchi

yoko uraken uchi

Tsukiwaza (Punching Techniques) & Uchiwaza (Striking Techniques)

 

English

Rising punch

Rising elbow strike

Middle level punch

Elbow strike

Reverse punch

Back hand

Ridge hand strike

Flat fist punch

Middle finger knuckle punch

Hook punch

Jab or leading punch

Forearm strike

Bent wrist strike

Roundhouse punch

Body evasive punch

Spear hand strike

Dropping elbow strike

Dropping hammer fist strike

Thumb knuckle strike

Knife hand strike (Karate Chop)

Palm heel strike

Hammer-fist strike

Back-fist strike

Backward elbow strike

U (Mountain) punch

Side hammer fist strike

Side backfist strike

Kicking

 

 

Japanese term

Parts of the foot

haisoku

hiza

josokutei

kakato

sokuto

tsumasaki

keri (Geri)

ashi barai

fumikomi geri

hiza geri

kansetsu geri

kakato geri

kin geri

mae geri (Keage)

mae geri (Kekomi)

mae tobi geri

mawashi geri

tsumasaki mae geri

ura mawashi geri

ushiro geri

ushiro ura mawashi geri

yoko geri (Keage)

yoko geri (Kekomi)

yoko tobi geri

Keri Waza (Kicking Techniques)

 

English

Instep

Knee

Ball of the foot

Heel of the foot

Foot edge

Tip of the toes

Kick

Foot sweep

Heel stamping kick

Knee kick

Knee joint kick

Heel of foot kick

Groin kick (Haisoku, instep)

Front snap kick 

Front thrust kick

Jumping front kick

Round house kick

Front kick with tips of toes

Hook kick

Back thrust kick

Spinning hook lick

Side snap kick

Side thrust kick

Jumping side kick

Miscellaneous

 

 

Japanese term

 

Sugi 

ichi 

ni    

san 

shi (yon) 

go           

roku        

shichi (nana) 

hachi              

ku (kyu)   

ju (ju)       

ju ichi       

ju ni          

ju san       

ju yon       

ju go         

ju roku      

ju nana     

ju hachi    

ju kyu       

ni ju          

san ju       

yon ju       

go ju         

roku ju     

nana ju     

hachi ju    

kyu ju       

hyaku      

ni hyaku  

san byaku

yon hyaku

go hyaku  

ro pyaku  

nana hyaku 

ha pyaku   

ku hyaku   

sen            

man (ban) 

Hoko 

age     

chudan

gedan  

gyaku  

hidari   

jodan   

mae      

mawashi 

migi          

otoshi    

sagatte  

shomen  

soto       

tate        

uchi        

ura         

ushiro    

waki       

yoko      

zenkutsu

Kaiwa

arigato

arigato gozaimashita

banzai

choto matte

do itashimashite

domo

dozo

eigo ga wakarimasu ka?

genki desu ka?

gomen nasai

hai

iie

ikaga desu ka

kanpai

konbanwa

konnichiwa

kudasai

mata ashita

moshi moshi

nanji desu ka?

ohayo

ohayo gozaimasu

otsukaresama

osu

sayonora

wakarimasen

wakarimaska

wakarimasu

             

 

Japanese term

Gorei

ashi kotai

hajime

kamaete

kiotsuke

kotai

mawatte

mokuso

naotte

onaji

otagai ni rei

saigo

sawatte

seiretsu

senpai ni rei

sensei ni rei

shinkokyu

shizuka ni

shomen ni rei

sono ba

sonomama

sonomama kotai

sukoshi yasume

tatte

yame

yoi

Kaibogaku

ago

ashi 

atama

chusoku

ensho

heisoku

hiji

hiza

kakato

kao

ken

koshi

me

mimi

mune

seiken

sokutei

sokuto

sune

te

tekubi

ude

waki

yubi

Zattana (Miscellaneous Terminology)   

English

 

Numbers

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy

eighty

ninety

one hundred

two hundred

three hundred

four hundred

five hundred

six hundred

seven hundred

eight hundred

nine hundred

one thousand

ten thousand

 

Directions

rising

middle level

lower level

reverse, opposite

left hand side

upper level

front, forward

round, go around

right hand side

downward

step backward

front

outside

upward

inside

reverse side, back,

back, behind, rear

side; flank of body

lateral, to the side

to bend forward

 

Conversation

"thanks" (informal)

"thank you very much" (formal)

"congratulations!", hurrah, long life

"just one moment"

"you're welcome"

"thanks" (informal)

"please"; please take (when offering)

"do you understand English?"

"how are you?" (informal)

"pardon me", "excuse me", "sorry"

"yes"

"no"

"how are you?" (formal)

"toast!", "cheers!"

"good evening" (formal)

"good day" (formal)

"please"

"see you tomorrow"

"hello" (greeting on telephone)

"what time is it?"

"good morning" (informal)

"good morning" (formal)

"many thanks", "much appreciated"; 

"I acknowledge", "I understand", 

"good-bye"

"I don't understand"

"do you understand?"

"I understand"; to grasp, to know,

             

English

 

Commands

switch sides; feet alternation

start, begin

get ready (guarding posture)

stand to attention

switch; alternate, change, shift

turn; turn around 180 degrees

close eyes (mediation practice)

be at ease; relax, recover

the same; again

bow to each other/together

last one; last set in series

sit down

line up

bow to assistant instructor(s)

bow to the instructor(s)

deep breaths

be quiet

bow toward the front of dojo

on the spot; without moving

the same as before

same as before, other side

little rest; small break

stand up

stop; to halt

ready; prepare

Anatomy

jaw

leg/foot

head, top of head

ball of foot

back of heel

top of foot, instep

elbow

knee or lap

heel or arch of foot

face or expression

fist

hip

eyes

ear

chest, heart, feelings

front of fist; regular fist

sole of foot

edge of foot

leg, shin

hands

wrist

arm

armpit

fingers

Miscellaneous
Kicking
Strikes
Blocking
Stances
General Terms
Guide

Terminology

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